Meaning and Origin of the Surname Duda

Which means and Origin of the Surname Duda From the Polish thing duda, which means bagpipes or awful artist, the regular Polish family name Duda is probably a word related last name for one who played the bagpipes or, perhaps, one who played them badly. A dudyâ is a type of bagpipe with a solitary reed in the chanter, normal in the southern and western regions of Bohemia in the Czech Republic, and inâ parts of Poland and Austria.â Another conceivable significance, recommended by Polish name master Prof. Kazimierz Rymut in his book Nazwiska Polakow (The Surnames of Poles), is one who made a great deal of unnecessary clamor. Duda is among the 50 most basic Polish surnames.â Last name Origin: Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak Substitute Surname Spellings: DUDDA, DADA Where do People with the Surname DUDA Live? As indicated by Slownik nazwisk wspolczesnie w Polsce uzywanych, Directory of Surnames in Current Use in Poland, which covers about 94% of the number of inhabitants in Poland, there were 38,290 Polish residents with the Duda family name living in Poland in 1990.â Popular People with the Surname DUDA Lucas Duda - American expert MLB baseball playerAndrzej Sebastian Duda - Polish attorney and government official; 6th President of Poland Ancestry Resources for the Surname DUDA Duda Family Tree DNA Surname ProjectMale people with the Duda or Dudda last name can meet up with other Duda scientists keen on utilizing a blend of Y-DNA testing and conventional genealogical exploration to interface Duda families back to normal predecessors. Duda Family Genealogy ForumSearch this well known parentage discussion for the Duda last name to discover other people who may be exploring your progenitors, or post your own Duda family name question. DistantCousin.com - DUDA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and parentage joins for the last name Duda. Searching for the importance of a given name? Look at First Name MeaningsCant locate your last name recorded? Recommend a family name to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Word reference of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Clean Surnames: Origins and Meanings. Chicago: Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow. Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Workmanship history - Essay Example Next to no is thought about the work or life of the painter. In any case, it is realized that, during this time, the works of art were instrumental in both the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox houses of worship. The canvas was nearly simultaneously as the Madonna on the rocks by Leonardo Da Vinci and Titian Madonna of the house by Pesaro. These three works of art have a similar organization of the virgin and the youngster (p. 204). The composition has a few characters from the book of scriptures, the essential figures being the virgin and the kid as the highlight. In this composition, the youngster (Christ) is borne on a litter that is designed with flower petals which are red and white in shading. This connotes a marriage between the congregation and Mary Ecclesia, the congregation and Christ himself. The litter on which the kid sits is held up by two heavenly attendants. This is a demonstration in the composition is intended to make the progressive system of the artistic creation. Behind the picture, there is a parapet which is white in shading. Behind the parapet, John the Baptist and Jerome are perusing a book. Out of sight, there is a stone which is encircled by a stream. This gives the work of art a sentiment of some development. The foundation picture likewise comprises of a few people asking. The foundation additionally shows a lovely scene with a great deal of exercises out of sight (P, 216). In Madonna on the rocks, the artwork shows a photograph of the Virgin Mary, the youngster (Christ) and John the Baptist as a newborn child. In this piece, they are masterminded in a triangular way. The foundation has shakes at the same time, has a far off scene of water and mountains. In this artistic creation, the Virgin Mary is the peak of the figure which frames the state of a pyramid. The arrangement of this artwork is practically like that of Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels. Nonetheless, there are slight contrasts. This incorporates the Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels where the foundation is an open space while in the Madonna on the rocks the foundation is

A Comprehensive Guide to Course Lounges

A Comprehensive Guide to Course Lounges tl;dr: the google map of course lounges is here Here at MIT, because were edgy and unconventional, our equivalent to a regular colleges majors are called courses. We have a whole bunch of courses, a comprehensive list of which you can find here. Almost every course at MIT has their own course lounge a designated space for majors in each course to hang out, do their psets, and meet other people in their course. A few months ago, I had the idea for doing this post, but didnt actually know how many course lounges there were, or if all the courses even had a lounge. I also didnt know if people even liked their lounges or not. As a Course 6, I can firmly attest to the fact that our lounge sucks, and as a double major in CMSwell, CMS doesnt even have a lounge. 01 Neither does the entirety of Course 21, including all of its subcourses. Many months later, I present to you the results of my research 02 this literally took forever and its still missing some pictures rip . I obtained this data by polling ec-discuss via Google Form 03 the East Campus and friends mailing list , not getting enough responses on the Google Form and asking Abby to dormspam it because I was too scared of fucking it up, and getting an MIT Confession (the first, and only to date) made about me. One cool thing that came out of this was that a few CMS majors and I put the idea of having our own course lounge into the CMS departments head, so maybe thatll be something that happens in the next few years. The idea for this map came out of me being sad that I dont have a lounge to go to and meet other CMS majors 04 There arent very many of us so it would be cool to know all of them , so Im glad that it might happen! And to all the incoming prefrosh I wish I didnt need to say this, but please dont choose your course based on how nice the course lounge is :P Neither does the entirety of Course 21, including all of its subcourses. back to text ? this literally took forever and it's still missing some pictures rip back to text ? the East Campus and friends mailing list back to text ? There aren't very many of us so it would be cool to know all of them back to text ?

The Japanese American No-No Boys in World War II

To understand who the No-No Boys were, it’s first necessary to understand the events of World War II. The United States government’s decision to place more than 110,000 individuals of Japanese origin into internment camps without cause during the war marks one of the most disgraceful chapters in American history. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, nearly three months after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. At the time, the federal government argued that separating Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans from their homes and livelihoods was a necessity because such people posed a national security threat, as they were supposedly likely to conspire with the Japanese empire to plan additional attacks on the U.S. Today historians agree that racism and xenophobia against people of Japanese ancestry following the Pearl Harbor attack prompted the executive order. After all, the United States was also at odds with Germany and Italy during World War II, but the federal government did not order mass internment of Americans of German and Italian origin. Unfortunately, the federal government’s egregious actions did not end with the forced evacuation of Japanese Americans. After depriving these Americans of their civil rights, the government then asked them to fight for the country. While some agreed in hopes of proving their loyalty to the U.S., others refused. They were known as No-No Boys. Vilified at the time for their decision, today No-No Boys are largely viewed as heroes for standing up to a government that deprived them of their freedom. A Survey Tests Loyalty The No-No Boys received their name by answering no to two questions on a survey given to Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps. Question #27 asked: â€Å"Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?† Question #28 asked: â€Å"Will you swear unqualified allegiances to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or other foreign government, power or organization?† Outraged that the U.S. government demanded that they vow loyalty to the country after flagrantly violating their civil liberties, some Japanese Americans refused to enlist in the armed forces. Frank Emi, an internee at the Heart Mountain camp in Wyoming, was one such young man. Angered that his rights had been trampled on, Emi and a half-dozen other Heart Mountain internees formed the Fair Play Committee (FPC) after receiving draft notices. The FPC declared in March 1944: â€Å"We, the members of the FPC, are not afraid to go to war. We are not afraid to risk our lives for our country. We would gladly sacrifice our lives to protect and uphold the principles and ideals of our country as set forth in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, for on its inviolability depends the freedom, liberty, justice, and protection of all people, including Japanese Americans and all other minority groups. But have we been given such freedom, such liberty, such justice, such protection? NO!† Punished for Standing Up For refusing to serve, Emi, his fellow FPC participants, and more than 300 internees at 10 camps were prosecuted. Emi served 18 months in a federal penitentiary in Kansas. The bulk of No-No Boys faced three-year sentences in a federal penitentiary. In addition to felony convictions, internees who refused to serve in the military faced a backlash in Japanese American communities. For example, leaders of the Japanese American Citizens League characterized draft resisters as disloyal cowards and blamed them for giving the American public the idea that Japanese Americans were unpatriotic. For resisters such as Gene Akutsu, the backlash took a tragic personal toll. While he only answered no to Question #27—that he would not serve in the U.S. armed forces on combat duty wherever ordered—he ultimately ignored the draft noticed received, resulting in him serving more than three years in a federal prison in Washington state. He left prison in 1946, but that wasn’t soon enough for his mother. The Japanese American community ostracized her—even telling her not to show up at church—because Akutsu and another son dared defy the federal government. â€Å"One day it all got to her and she took her life,† Akutsu told American Public Media (APM) in 2008. â€Å"When my mother passed away, I refer to that as a wartime casualty.â€Å" President Harry Truman pardoned all of the wartime draft resisters in December 1947. As a result, the criminal records of the young Japanese American men who refused to serve in the military were cleared. Akutsu told APM he wished his mother had been around to hear Truman’s decision. â€Å"If she had only lived one more year longer, we would have had a clearance from the president saying that we are all okay and you have all your citizenship back,† he explained. â€Å"That’s all she was living for.† The Legacy of the No-No Boys The 1957 novel No-No Boy by John Okada captures how Japanese American draft-resisters suffered for their defiance. Although Okada himself actually answered yes to both queries on the loyalty questionnaire, enlisting in the Air Force during World War II, he spoke with a No-No Boy named Hajime Akutsu after completing his military service and was moved enough by Akutsu’s experiences to tell his story.​ The book has immortalized the emotional turmoil that No-No Boys endured for making a decision that is now largely viewed as heroic. The shift in how No-No Boys are perceived is in part due to the federal government’s acknowledgment in 1988 that it had wronged Japanese Americans by interning them without cause. Twelve years later, the JACL apologized for widely vilifying draft resisters. In November 2015, the musical Allegiance, which chronicles a No-No Boy, debuted on Broadway.

Racism And Race Related Issues - 1194 Words

In the American Constitution, the first amendment is the Freedom of Speech. It says that people should have their voices heard, but at the same time if an individual don’t know what they saying, they should have other ethnicity different point of views. During the major incidents that’ve been happening in 2014 and 2015, when it comes to racism and race related issues, we only hear one voice. Media said that many of the writers covering these topics in the past have been from the majority white men, writing about issues that don t really affect them. These issues should be covered by black writers men, or women. A lot of racial incidents has been happening in African American communities, such as the police brutality in Ferguson, and Baltimore between 2014 and 2015. Racism, discrimination, and police brutality, which will still happen because other minorities don’t understand the history of the African American. And even though if they did, they still would do basically the same thing. Minority groups, such as the black community, should have their voices heard about things concerning racism and oppression. Because most of the oppressed are happening with Black African American. While others, who have no experience with discrimination should not speak on the topic. If minority voices were given more attention and coverage about race related issues and racism in America, we would be able to make progress in correcting certain problems. By doing so, this would helpShow MoreRelatedRacism And The American School System967 Words   |  4 PagesRacism, the discriminatory belief that mem bers of a certain race are superior or inferior to another, creates problems that are more intricate than they are skin-deep. Racial stratification emerges not only throughout individual interaction based on personal bias, but rather emerges within cultures and institutions themselves. Some would be naà ¯ve to think that racism merely hurts the feelings of the oppressed. 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A Critique of “Frankenstein Free Essays

string(92) " and experiences that can destabilize their perception of the world and bring them anguish\." Good v. Evil: Which is Which By: Logan Emlet Frankenstein is a literally fantastic novel, in which a gentle creation, the Monster, is shunned by his creator, Victor Frankenstein, as well as all other humans. The Monster becomes so dejected that he turns murderous and vows to destroy Victor’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critique of â€Å"Frankenstein or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book is definitely fiction, as the Monster happens to be eight feet tall and superior to humans in almost every way save looks. Although this is probably the most evident distortion from reality, many others appear although not quite so blatantly. In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelly uses symbolism and distortions between the world of the book and the real world to demonstrate the truth of Romantic ideals. According to Webster’s dictionary, symbolism is defined as, â€Å"artistic imitation or invention that is a method of revealing or suggesting immaterial, ideal, or otherwise intangible truth or states. † The dictionary defines distort as, â€Å"to twist out of natural, normal, or original shape or condition,† and as, â€Å"to cause to be perceived unnaturally. While these two words may not always mean the same thing, in the case of this essay, they complement each other to better describe the differences at hand. One of the principle beliefs of the Romantics was that symbolism is the cleanest way to communicate truth. Their literature supports their thought that symbolism has the power to mean many different things simultaneously. In their literature, romantics do not use literary realism, but instead use this symbolism to critique or comment on reality by distorting this reality. One of the things that the Romantics strongly believed and is clearly portrayed in Frankenstein is the evil of the unnatural, and that nature is inherently good. For the Romantics, unnatural meant anything mechanical; hell was unnatural as well, along with evil, and knowledge. The unnaturalness of knowledge is a particularly important part of Frankenstein. Repeating throughout the novel, examples are shown of knowledge that brings suffering to its seekers. What brings the most pain to Victor throughout the novel is the knowledge of how to bring life to a being. This knowledge led to the creation of a creature that destroyed the lives of those around him. Before Victor actually undertook the creation of his creature, he first spent months of study and research in order to discover how to give life. After Victor possessed this knowledge it was human nature for him to test his theory. Like a child who is told not to do something, Victor was compelled to do something considered taboo by the standards of his society, and fulfill his curiosity. This fulfillment brought him untold tragedy and pain. The knowledge of creation directly ruined the rest of his life. Victor actually says, although it is probably more likely Mary Shelly, â€Å"You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been. † This quotation fairly screams out the evil that knowledge has wrought upon Victor. In reality, of course, it was impossible to create life back then as it is impossible to complete such a feat today. According to the Romantics, all knowledge is bad, but the knowledge of creation was especially bad because life is supposed to be a very natural thing. The Monster’s this life was manufactured and so not natural, creating almost a double evil. Another piece of evil knowledge shown in this novel is the Monster’s knowledge of human beings and their interactions. The Monster is inquisitive and curious of the others around him. He feels inclined to observe the humans with the hope that some day he will be accepted by them. Yet this interaction is highly unnatural. It would have been far wiser for the Monster to live as a beast in the forest. Unfortunately he sought knowledge and was shunned by human kind as a disgusting lout. Without knowledge of humans, he would never have been tempted to try to live among them and so would never have been feared. The Monster’s inquisitiveness clearly symbolizes the evilness of knowledge; while we don’t actually have creatures like the Monster trying to live with us, we can see how knowledge led to the Monster’s downfall. Yet another discovery that leads to ill ends is the Monster’s knowledge of murder as a way to hurt Victor. The first time the Monster killed someone, it was an accident and he did not even mean to hurt the boy. He reached out to quiet the child and only on accident, strangled the boy. When the Monster observed how distraught this made Victor, he knew he had found a way to seek revenge. If the monster had never killed the boy, then the following pain on Victor’s part and disgust on the part of the Monster, would have never taken place. Now in reality, there are no monstrous creations that try to destroy their creator’s life; this revenge once again symbolizes the evil of knowledge. In the present, humanity has not discovered a way to give the gift of life by any other means than sexual reproduction, we do not actually have an eight foot living corpse walking around in our midst, but we can see how knowledge leads to pain. A case can be made that knowledge in the real world can also lead to sorrow. From the simple knowledge of the death of a loved one, all the way up to something like knowledge that a prophesy that the world will end on 2012 is actually true, we can find much painful knowledge. The past two examples were clearly bad kinds of knowledge, but knowledge that we may think of every day as necessary for happiness, such as travel or a good education can also bring grief. When one travels the world, they are exposed to many sights and experiences that can destabilize their perception of the world and bring them anguish. You read "A Critique of â€Å"Frankenstein" in category "Papers" The story of the Buddha is one such example. Buddha had never been outside the palace he grew up in, and when he did he was immediately assailed by things such as death, disease, old age, and poverty. This traumatized the Buddha enough that he left his wife and child bringing them pain, and him, six years of deprivation. One way the Romantics view of knowledge could be summarized is by the old saying, â€Å"what you don’t know won’t hurt you. † School is supposed to offer a higher state of enlightenment, but many things that are learnt in school subtract from your happiness. Factoids that are learned can discredit a person’s dreams or prove them impossible. One such example is relativity theory; it could be a person’s dream to go back in time to see someone or something they miss, and then they are told that actually, it is impossible to go back in time. Another way the Romantics thought of knowledge could be a second old saying â€Å"ignorance is bliss. † One of the most powerful, and according to the Romantics, most dangerous things about knowledge, is that once gained, one can never rid oneself of it. If the Monster had been able to voluntarily rid himself of the knowledge that humans existed, he probably would have never have been disappointed by their close-mindedness. However, knowledge was not the only thing that the Romantics thought of as unnatural and so essentially evil. Mary Shelly also symbolizes the evil of the unnatural through one of the major characters throughout the book, Victor. Next to Shelly’s clear support of the Romantics view of knowledge as unnatural, Victor supports the Romantic’s criterion of un-natural. The things that were thought to be some of the most unnatural things were: wealth, education, productivity, and overnment. While Victor was not a part of government, he does display every other trait. He was wealthy; he grew up living in a mansion on the shores of Lake Geneva, living in leisure, playing in the Alps, getting the finest education. He was educated; he attended college in another country, and was always searching for knowledge. V ictor was productive; he surpassed all his fellow students at college and made leaps and bounds in his field of study. He is nearly the definition of what the Romantics consider unnatural. The Monster on the other hand could be considered very natural. The Romantics thought of nature as a work of art created from divine imagination, and subject to interpretation. They also thought of the human imagination as the human equivalent of the powers of nature or deity. So very literally, the Monster, nature, was a work of art created from Victor’s divine imagination and subject to the interpretation of the human race. Not only is the Monster the epitome of nature, he is almost the opposite of the Romantic’s definition of unnatural. He was not wealthy, educated, or part of a government. The symbolism here comes directly from Mary Shelly’s own life. When she was writing this book, she was having a bad time. Her sister died and Shelly was angry at God. This translates to a Monster who is angry at his creator, Victor, for leaving him such a bad lot in life. The Monster says â€Å"When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned? † This must have been very similar to what Mary Shelly felt. But unlike some Romantics, Shelly did not feel that God and Nature were the same thing. In fact she felt that they were opposites. God was deity; he was the divine, with the imagination that created nature, and she was the natural that was being stripped of all happiness. The Monster is a distorted version of Mary Shelly herself while Victor is a distortion of God. Through this symbolism, several things can be interpreted. First, Mary Shelly’s own view and unhappiness with God, and secondly romantic ideals such as natural versus unnatural, and nature as a work of art created by divine imagination. As discussed earlier, it seemed that the Monster fulfilled the Romantics definitions of unnatural. His life was created from knowledge that defiled natural life man-made so therefore unnatural. However, there seems to be an awful lot of evidence supporting the Monster as a natural being. He fitted to the definitions of being created by a â€Å"divine† imagination; he was not wealthy or educated. So according to this argument he was a natural being. This direct clash between two seemingly true opposites demonstrates one of the principle Romantic ideals, cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is an immensely complex psychological topic, and is considered a mental problem these days. Boiled down, cognitive dissonance means the holding of two or more contradictory ideas simultaneously. As much as Romantics despised and rejected knowledge, they also embraced it, because it was quintessential to achieving one’s objectives. Romantics believed that myth and legend was not truth, but it communicated truth. And while Romantics believed that nature was the only way to encounter the eternal, they believed that nature is not the truth but rather symbolizes truth. The Romantics even thought of morality as something that changes perpetually. So if an uncertain morality was not too hard to live with, a natural-unnatural monster was definitely not over the heads of the Romantics. Shelly used the monster as a perfect way to symbolize cognitive dissonance. The Romantics also believed that in order to have a truly pleasing and beautiful exposure, one must first experience robust emotions such as awe, horror, and trepidation. The novel Frankenstein presents all of these emotions and displays the uncontrollable wildness of rage, pain, and suffering, the novel is a truly enjoyable and thought provoking book. The present, whenever the time of reference, can be confusing and can create uncertainties to what may actually be happening. Some people believe that saying it exactly how it is is the most helpful way to clear things up. The Romantics and many others besides thought that symbolism was a much more successful way. Frankenstein exemplifies how distortion, when used properly, can distort reality into an exaggerated unreality, that however different, succeeds in pointing out the views of a group or individual. How to cite A Critique of â€Å"Frankenstein, Papers

Financial Performance Of Qantas Airlines And Virgin Airline

Question: Discuss about the Financial Performance Of Qantas Airlines And Virgin Airline. Answer: Introduction This report reflects the key understanding on the financial performance of two companies named Qantas airlines and Virgin airline. With the increasing ramification of economic change and complex business factors these companies have adopted innovative and creative value chain activities for the betterment of clients satisfaction. Present description of organization Qantas Airlines company Qantas Airlines company is indulged in providing flag carrier airlines services and having headquarter in Australia. This company has international flights and international destination to provide best quality of services to its clients. It has several subsidiaries such as Jet star Airways, Jaconet and Qantas link. In addition to this, company has core competency to provide cheapest fair flights to its clients for the betterment of their satisfaction. This company has adopted cyber computing digital marketing system for promoting its airlines on international level. Qantas Airlines company has also increased its overall turnover by 20% in 2016 as compared to average last five year data (Shaffer, Mills, and Helms Mills, 2017). This has reflected that company has establish strong brand image of international level and establish effective level of quality chain for the betterment of clients satisfactions. Qantas Airlines company has several strategic alliance in which online air package s and tours operation are managed. Qantas Airlines company entered into strategic alliance with TUI for attracting more clients to travel in their airlines. Virgin airlines company It is an American company which founded in 2004 and started its business operation on international level. This company is having headquarter in Burlingame, California. Virgin airlines company has core competency to provide cheapest fair flights and luxurious services by entering into strategic alliance with other organization to its clients for the betterment of their satisfaction. However, company has more than 100 flights around the globe which is operating with a view to increase the overall satisfaction of clients. This company has various strategic alliance with other organizations so that it could provide complete package to its clients. In addition to this, Virgin airlines company has offered various small and big packages with attractive offers to its clients. The main current offer given by Virgin airlines company is related to online combo for new clients (Francis, et al. 2016). The main product differentiation strategy implemented by Virgin airlines company is accompanied with the development of app and other portals which could be used by clients to book their tour packages and flights through online portals. Promo codes are the most attractive offer given by Virgin airlines company to its clients for booking their flights online. Organization structure of company is associated with the online models and enterprises resources planning which allows its employees and customers to community online without any manual problems. Cyber competing system of Virgin airlines company also helps in resolving clients booking problems in easy and systematic manner. Company has increased its overall turnover by 25% as compared to last five year average data. Profit earning capacity of Virgin airlines company is also increased by 19% at the same time (Homsombat, Lei, and Fu, 2014). Conclusion Qantas Airlines company has increased its overall turnover by 20% and also implemented cyber computing enterprises resource planning. There are several finding about the Qantas Airlines company (Alamdari and Fagan, 2015). Company has increased its overall turnover as compared to last year data. It has adopted cyber computing system to promote online booking for better satisfaction of clients. Company has increased number of flights around the globe. Company has created strong brand image in the market. Virgin airlines company There are several finding about the Virgin airlines company which are given as below Development of app and online portal will reduce the complexity of business. Virgin airlines company has established strong brand image in the international market Company has increased its overall turnover 25% as compared to last five year average data. Profit earning capacity of Virgin airlines company is also increased by 19% at the same time. Online portal and developed app will be used by clients to book orders. Forecasting Virgin airlines company and Qantas Airlines company both have adopted sophisticated business channel of enterprises resource planning and cyber computing system. This will increase the overall clients satisfaction and booking airlines through online portals. These will help both companies to increase their overall turnover an international brand. This newly adopted strategic plan will help both companies to increase their overall profit and turnover in determined approach. However, other rivals in airlines industry are posing high amount of threats to Qantas Airlines company and Virgin Airlines (Barros, and Couto, 2013). References Alamdari, F. and Fagan, S., 2015. Impact of the adherence to the original low?cost model on the profitability of low?cost airlines.Transport Reviews,25(3), pp.377-392. Barros, C.P. and Couto, E., 2013. Productivity analysis of European airlines, 20002011.Journal of Air Transport Management,31, pp.11-13. Francis, G., Humphreys, I., Ison, S. and Aicken, M., 2016. Where next for low cost airlines? A spatial and temporal comparative study.Journal of Transport Geography,14(2), pp.83-94. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Shaffner, E., Mills, A.J. and Helms Mills, J.C., 2017. Reading Qantas History: Discourses of Intersectionality and the Early Years of Qantas. InInsights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures(pp. 445-469). Emerald Publishing Limited.

University Student Success Guide essays

University Student Success Guide essays This paper discusses the qualities and methods needed in a student success guide. This guide outlines what students must do to perform well and complete their education satisfactorily regardless of the institution they attend. Of primary concern to most students when entering college is their ability to achieve, succeed and acquire their diploma. Many universities now offer success guides to students with the hope that students will benefit from these guides. This paper hypothesizes that a successful student guide will encourage students to find intrinsic motivation and adopt learning strategies that support a self-managed approach. A self-managed approach is one where students have control over the courses they take and the manner in which they study (Dembo, 2000; Bandura, 1982). This approach does not suggest teachers do not involve themselves with students; rather it suggests the role of the teacher is to offer students skills that help them organize their coursework and encourage them to create a plan of action that motivates them on an individual level. Stipek (1998) notes that many students feel they have a limited ability to succeed. Thus, it is the teacher's role and the role of the student guide to help encourage the student and suggest this feeling is false and then helps the students identify their personal motivational triggers. Once a student understands what motivates them, they are more likely to change their behaviors and their beliefs about their ability to succeed. Also important to include in a student success guide are tips and strategies that will enable students to learn how to manage time effectively, especially when they are involved in multiple activities or extracurricular activities while attending university (Britton ...

How To Make a Ketchup Packet Cartesian Diver

How To Make a Ketchup Packet Cartesian Diver Place a ketchup packet in a bottle of water and make it rise and fall at your command, as if by magic. Of course, the magic involves some basic science. Heres how to do the diving ketchup trick and how it works. Diving Ketchup Magic Trick Materials Plastic bottleKetchup packet from a fast food restaurantWater Perform the Diving Ketchup Magic Trick Drop the ketchup packet into the bottle.Seal the lid of the bottle.Fill the bottle with water. The ketchup packet should float somewhere in the middle of the bottle. If it sinks, either try using a different packet (the size of the air bubble inside the ketchup packet varies slightly) or else dump out the water and ketchup, bend the packet slightly so that it can hold an air bubble when you fill the bottle again, and refill the bottle. My packet was heavy, so I trapped an air bubble on the packet and tapped the bottle with a fingernail until I knocked off just enough air bubbles to get the packet to sit in the middle of the bottle.Squeeze the bottle to cause the ketchup packet to sink.Relax your grip on the bottle to cause the packet to float. With a little practice, you can make it appear that you arent squeezing the bottle. If you are performing this demonstration as a magic trick you can say you are using the power of your mind to move the ketchup. Pretend to be concentrating very hard, using your incredible powers of telekinesis. How the Diving Ketchup Magic Trick Works An air bubble is trapped inside a ketchup packet when it is sealed at the factory. If the bubble is big enough, it makes the packet float in water. When you squeeze the bottle, the water wont compress but the air bubble inside the ketchup packet is squeezed and becomes smaller. The size of the packet is reduced, but its mass remains unchanged. Density is mass per volume, so squeezing the bottle increases the density of the ketchup packet. When the density of the packet is more than the density of the water the packet will sink. When you release the pressure on the bottle the air bubble expands and the ketchup packet rises.

CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE ARTICLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE ARTICLE - Essay Example The Research Purpose/Objectives This paper seeks to investigate the role of clinical preceptors in enhancing socialization and professional training to nursing students. Besides, the paper seeks to develop critical skills among nursing students. In summary, this research explores the role, responsibilities, and importance of preceptors in clinical education and training. The role of preceptors and other clinical expert in respect with the baccalaureate nursing programmes should not be over-looked as they facilitate the transition process in nursing (Rogan, 2009). Finally, this research aims at establishing the level of qualifications and nature of preparations accorded to preceptors in this challenging but life changing society. The level of preparation that the receptors receive is fundamental in determining their effectiveness and professional standards. The Research Questions This research seeks answer the following research questions: i. Are the preceptors’ level of educat ion and training sufficient enough to enhance their interpersonal and professional skill? ii. Are the preceptor nurse effective in facilitating the transition process of the student nurse to professional standards are required of them? iii. Is the socialization process during the transition effective and skilful? iv. Other than facilitating the transition process, what other responsibilities are preptor nurses charged with? Informed Consent and Ethical Considerations The study made various efforts to fulfill the informed consent and ethical considerations requirement for any valid research. First, the researcher obtained an approval from the relevant institutional review board, which commissioned the undertaking of the study (Rogan, 2009). This gave an authority and authenticity to the study being undertaken, allowing the researcher to access the desired information more easily. The second informed consent consideration made, was to obtain an approval from the hospitals from which t he participants were recruited, making it official that the study had been approved by those institutions. The researcher included a letter that stated the purpose of the study, which made the participants respond to the research with great ease, since they were fully aware of the objectives for which the study was being undertaken (Rogan, 2009). Finally, to preserve the confidentiality of the participants, the completed instruments of study bore no identifiers, which is consistent with the ethical consideration for research information privacy. Description of the Research Design The study applied a case study research design, where the study concentrated on answering the research questions, based on the data obtained from two midsized hospitals (Rogan, 2009). The first hospital was an academic medical center, where it would be easy to find nursing students integrated into the institutions, as they work hand-in-hand with the employed receptor nurses. The second hospital was a privat e facility, which was most appropriate in presenting the real picture of the perception of the nurses towards BSN student preceptor-ship, as opposed to the academic center, where there is a high likelihood of constant and consistent nurse to BSN student relationship. Considering that the nature of the study was relatively new, prompting further studies into the s only concentrate on a few areas and a small sample population, just to create an insight into the nature of the percep

A Research on Jamaica Queens Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

A on Jamaica Queens - Research Paper Example 0 3 9 7 29 36 16 100 109th Precinct 6 18 234 252 546 895 313 2,264 110th Precinct 4 45 397 225 436 741 167 2,015 111th Precinct 1 8 80 52 321 392 156 1,010 112th Precinct 3 6 116 50 267 595 167 1,204 114th Precinct 5 19 318 303 447 931 336 2,359 115th Precinct 5 36 345 261 407 629 273 1,956 Queens North 29 159 1,992 1,433 3,209 5,114 2,037 13,973 iii) Education: a) Public Elementary Schools: Jamaica's public schools, a branch of municipal government in New York City are operated by the New York City Department of Education under the New York City School Chancellor; Joel I. Klein, appointed by Mayor Michel Bloomberg in 2002. Public Elementary Schools in Jamaica include: P.S. 50 Talfourd Lawn Elemenatry School P.S. 86 P.S. 131 Abigal Adams Elementary School P.S. 160 P.S. 182 Samantha Smith b) Private Schools: Private schools in Jamaica include Archbishop Molloy High School The Mary Louis Academy, a private, Catholic, girls' high school run by the Sister of St. Joseph. Immaculate Conception School, a co-ed Catholic school from Pre-K to 8th grade. The school is a local landmark located on the property of Immaculate Conception Church and Monastery, run by The Passionist Congregation of Priests. c) Libraries: The Queens Borough Public Library, established in 1858, operates the Central Library in Jamaica and both the branches i.e. the Baisley Park Branch and the South Jamaica Branch are also located in Jamaica. It is considered as the No. 1 library system in the United States by circulation comprising 63 branches and having loaned 21 million items in the 2007 fiscal year. It also serves the population of more than 2.2 million, including the migrants who come down to refer this library which embraces large...Klein, appointed by Mayor Michel Bloomberg in 2002. Immaculate Conception School, a co-ed Catholic school from Pre-K to 8th grade. The school is a local landmark located on the property of Immaculate Conception Church and Monastery, run by The Passionist Congregation of Priests. The Queens Borough Public Library, established in 1858, operates the Central Library in Jamaica and both the branches i.e. the Baisley Park Branch and the South Jamaica Branch are also located in Jamaica. It is considered as the No. 1 library system in the United States by circulation comprising 63 branches and having loaned 21 million items in the 2007 fiscal year. It also serves the population of more than 2.2 million, including the migrants who come down to refer this library which embraces large percentage of non-English language books, particularly Spanish ones. It is governed by a 19-member Board of Trustees, which are appointed by the Mayor of the New York City and Borough President of Queens. The latter along with the Public advocate sit on the board as ex-officio members. The current director of the Queens Library is Thomas Galante. York College, a Senior College under the city of New York located in the borough of Queens after its set up in 1966. It was the first college funded under the newly formed City Union of New York. Now, more than 6,000 students in more than 40 bachelor's degree subjects are studying there. St John's University (Queens

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Literature

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Literature This essay focuses on the search and exploration of three pieces of literature related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This includes one government guideline and two research articles covering different nursing angles of the condition. An analysis of how the search was conducted, the main findings and rationale for the chosen articles. Finally, a demonstration of understanding with the use of additional literature to analyse, identify and explore how it will influence the nursing care of patients with COPD. Search Strategy. PubMed was the chosen search database as supposed to other databases like Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) because PubMed presented more articles with clear and precise titles, therefore enabling the writer to identify its significance (Macnee and McCabe, 2008). The writer firstly chose a topic, which was ‘self-management for people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease’. Harvard (2007) further suggests that when conducting an effective and valid literature search it is important to identify a topic to enable the search results to be applicable and relevant. In-order to be more specific the writer identified key words from the chosen topic, and implemented Boolean operators, which concluded to ‘Self-Management AND COPD’, this was inserted and resulted to 1127 hits. According to Barker, Barker and Pinard (2011), Boolean operators such as ‘AND, OR, NOT, AND NOT’ are simple words used to join or exclude key wor ds in a search. PubMed included search options such as full text and abstracts available, language, age range, gender and publication dates which were utilised to enable the user to narrow the search to an optimal amount (refer to Appendix 1 and 2). The search was narrowed from 1127 hits to 95 hits, from which this article was selected, titled ‘Self-management support for moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease’. This article was chosen because the authors used current evidence to support and justify the outcomes and findings of their study. Boswell and Cannon (2011) suggest that a research study that incorporates current and relevant evidence to analyse their study is more likely to be reliable. The second research article was selected using different key words, which was ‘Pulmonary Rehabilitation AND COPD’. The writer retained the same search options used to find the first article, this narrowed the search to an ideal amount, from 479 to 38 hits (refer to Appendix 1and 2). This article was selected because it identified the importance of pulmonary rehabilitation in connection to improving quality of life and reduced hospital admissions. The authors validated their aims by analysing current evidence that supports the need to promote pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients following a discharge from hospital. United Kingdom. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2010). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care. London: NICE. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2011) released a guideline titled ‘Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease for Adults in Primary and Secondary care’. The writer was able to find this Guideline simply by inserting ‘Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease’ into the NICE database, which resulted to 138 hits. The writer then narrowed the search by selecting ‘Guidance’, which is an option provided; this further narrowed the hits to 37, from which this guideline was selected. This guideline defines COPD as a chronic disorder caused by frequent airflow obstruction with symptoms like persistent and progressive breathlessness, chronic cough and limited exercise ability. It is estimated that COPD is UK’s fifth biggest killer with 3.2 million people living with the condition, this support the importance of delivering high quality care, which NHS England (2014) defines as providing a positive experience of care that is clinically effective and safe. The National Institute of Health (2013) further suggest that there is yet to be a cure for this disease. The aim and objectives of this guideline is to offer the best professional practice advice on a patient centred approach to caring for COPD patients. The British Lung Foundation (2013) additionally suggests that this guideline will help the health care professionals such as the nurses to identify the types of care COPD patients should be receiving, as they are frequently the first point of contact and are involved in all aspects of care. NICE (2011) guideline also defines the symptoms, signs and investigations required to establish a diagnosis. Bellamy and Smith (2007) support that the key to early diagnosis is recognising the signs and symptoms such as frequent coughs, chronic sputum production, breathlessness and a history of exposure to tobacco smoke to aid in diagnosing the patient. The guideline also looks at the necessary factors to assess the severity of the disease and guide best management in both acute and community settings so that it is applicable to all settings and professionals. This guideline was chosen because it considers most issues that are important in the management of people with COPD, integrates published evidence in areas of uncertainty that could possibly need further research and is useful to all professionals involved in the care of COPD. According to British Lung Foundation (2013) the management of COPD is challenging, as the patients have complex health and social needs requiring long-life monitoring and treatment, Fletcher and Dahl (2013) go further to explain that nurses in comparison to other health professionals are more involved in the care and management of patients with COPD. Therefore, this guideline positively influences the nursing care of patients with COPD by providing information about the basic level of care required and empowering COPD patients to make decisions over their health and care needs (DOH, 2013). Taylor, S., Sohanpal, R., Bremner, S. A., Devine, A., McDaid, D., Fernanded, S. L., et al. (2012). Self- Management Support for Moderate-to-severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. British Journal of Medical Practice, 62. (603), 687-695. The authors study is focused on the importance of self-management education and its contribution to a better quality of life and reduced hospital admission. According to The Health Foundation (2014), self-management education is aimed at improving how people with COPD are supported and empowered to self-manage. The authors aim was to explore the cost effectiveness of self-management programmes and education for COPD. The author’s findings suggest that COPD patients feel useless and helpless to self-manage their condition, therefore the programmes plays a vital role in improving the patient’s quality of life, exercise tolerance and empower them to take control over their health which in turn will reduce exacerbations and rapid deterioration. The outcome of this study has a good chance to meet the UK National Health and Clinical Excellence (2010) criteria on cost-effective approaches to managing COPD. This information could be useful to nursing patients with COPD by underlining the importance of Self-management education, which may include working closely with primary care teams and educating the patients on self-management techniques, like learning to control breathing, being mindful of tiredness due to over exertion on daily activities and eating a well-balanced diet. This would contribute towards living better with the condition (COPD Education, 2014). The authors recognise that nurses play an important role in educating, equipping and supporting the patients to merge their everyday life to suit their long term condition, such as dealing with an altered view of the future and the frustration and depression that may result (Redman, 2004). Part of the nursing care, with patient participation includes creating a short-term personalised action plan, which would be closely monitored to enable the nurse to identify the strengths and areas of development. Fletcher and Dahl (2013) ackn owledges that the purpose of self-management education is to empower patients to improve their health and to restore the highest level of function regardless of the disease stage or following an exacerbation. Cosgrove, D., MacMahon, J., Bourbeau, J., O’Neil, B. (2013). Facilitating education in pulmonary rehabilitation using the living well with COPD programme for pulmonary rehabilitation, 13. (50), 13-50. The author’s presentation of their study, based on the importance of facilitating education in pulmonary rehabilitation was clear and precise as the reader was able to gain a good understanding of the study. Galin and Ognibene (2012), go further to support that a good clinical research study should not be full of medical terminologies, and should be presented with clear and accurate information enabling the reader to grasp the key elements. The author’s aims of the study were to adapt a self-management programme which was Living Well with COPD (LWWCOPD) through pulmonary rehabilitation and then to evaluate its impact. They identify that pulmonary rehabilitation administered after an exacerbation can reduce hospital re-admission and improve the patient’s quality of life as supported by Seymour et al (2010). The author’s findings suggested a positive outcome for the patients, as they felt they were in a friendly and supportive environment to be empowered to manage their condition, especially coping with breathlessness. The British Lung Foundation (2013) supports this evidence as they additionally suggest that pulmonary rehabilitation programmes are designed to help people with COPD to cope with breathlessness and to feel stronger to manage with activities of daily living such as walking, personal care and eating, as they often feel disempowered to self-care. This information could be beneficial to nursing patients with COPD by emphasizing on the importance of evidence based nursing practice to enable accurate and useful information when recommending relevant programmes, which contributes to their on-going care (Deutschman and Neligan, 2010). It is estimated that most patients with COPD will experience at least one hospital admission due to an exacerbation of their condition within three months (DOH, 2012). Therefore based on the information from the Study which suggests that pulmonary rehabilitation reduces hospital re-admission, the nurse plays an important role in encouraging the patients to join the programme which is designed to suit the individual. British Lung Foundation (2013) goes further to suggest that the course will teach the individuals how to increase their exercise tolerance, cope with breathlessness and manage periods of stress and panic. Additionally pulmonary rehabilitation can be beneficial to COPD patients socially, a s it involves interacting with trained professionals and other COPD patients, as due to the nature of the condition social interaction may be difficult (Bellamy and Booker, 2011). In conclusion, this essay has explored three pieces of literature related to COPD with additional evidence to analyse identify and explore how it will influence the nursing care of patients with COPD.

Returning to School at 29: My Experience Essay

Revised Returning to School Returning to school at this time in my life has been a great challenge, I’m 29 years old and I know I have a long ways to go but I’ve had so many dreams ans aspiration that I wanted to complete before I turn 29. I plan to be done with college at 23 years old but ended up becoming pregnant at 22 years old and a mother at 23 years old so that shifted things for me with returning to school fully committed to my studies. During that time I just stayed working and making me and my son’s life a little easier. So when the time was right to start school again I will be fully ready. I’ve always planned to go to college right after high school which I did at Los Angeles Southwest Community College located in California and then drop out because of family issues and continue to tried to find my way back into college enrolling and dropping out not staying focus on my education. And now I’m at a point where I have to finish this time. Returning to college has had it’s moments like when I started school I was afraid of returning because it has been a while since I’ve been in school over 10 years and returning I felt was going to be challenging for me learning new things and grasping new learning materials and being able to complete assignments especially online which was some what new to me because I’ve never went to school online before and didn’t know what to expect. I remember when I was taking my first course I had got a little overwhelm with the homework assignments being due and adjusting to my new post at the Senior Center and my job as a Security Guard and was at a point of wanting to withdraw form school because it. But after getting some guidance form my admission counselor and how he explained to me how dedicated I was in the beginning before returning to school made me realize how unfortunate it would have been to end my education journey just because I got timid and scared and wanted to stop. But has I look back on it I also realize that I was trying to take the easy way out from fears of returning to school. Since that time me returning to school has been a blessing and has giving me a new purpose to my life meaning for me it’s never to late to go back to college no matter how old you get, and I feel good about myself that I’m accomplishing something I’ve always wanted which is graduating from college and earning my degree. Being in college has always been my dream to finish and actually have a good paying job with benefits for me and my son which has always been a goal of mind to not depend on public assistance for healthcare for my son and to be able to do it on my own. In closing I now appreciate my decision on returning to college again and finally reaching my goal that I’ve always wanted. I will continue to stay encourage and positive through my journey to success.

Top Advice on What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics

Top Advice on What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics The What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics Chronicles There are a lot of written communication practice books are easily offered. What you share can be meaningful in a number of ways. These articles are a really good resource for you to use whenever you're crafting your private statement. This topic is full of possibilities. Your reply shouldn't be a book report. NEW indicates the most recent thing updated. Be aware you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems which need to be solved later on. Unique things to various folks, since the situation demanded. Write about a problem which you have or would like to address. Don't neglect to explain why the issue is valuable to you! Clearly articulate the issue. What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Someone learns the value of punctuality each night. The committee would like to understand what you value. Then think about whether you'd make the exact same decision again and why. The procedure for your experience is extremely important. And they're the 2 keys to any fantastic essay. Also, do not forget that the last prompt permits you to submit a current essay or even create your very own prompt. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. You have the ability to obtain college essay on any particular college essay topic. These seven sample essays respond to a wide variety of thought-provoking questions. When writing this essay, choose a subject of interest. What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics The bulk of the prints in the collection were chosen to be a symbol of online. You have to grab their attention and the best method to do this is by writing in your voice. You may even be in a position to read examples from previous students to acquire your creative juices flowing. Those materials ought to be kept under the desk, face down, whilst testing. You've got an outstanding opportunity to impress your professor by ordering. College will change you. Thapar University Counselling 2020 will most likely be run in a lot of rounds. These documents are offered in the links below. Every test is currently a one- hour timed test. Whenever you have filed and paid to your very first application, you might want to return in the program with the precise same UserID and password and commence a new application for the application you need to apply to. The online application might be utilized to fill out an application for degree and nondegree study. The War Against What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a superb fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. High school students around the country take a number of assessments for various purposes. It is not free in Kenya. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. If it comes to college admissions, you wish to win big. They also give insight into the kind of student you may be in college. An admissions officer is considerably more likely to keep in mind an applicant who has quite a specific essay written in a distinctive and quirky way. To make certain that avery teacher receives a reasonable and consistent evaluation, wherever they work, 2. Vital Pieces of What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics For example, you can zoom in on one specific part of your background and identity and the way it informs the manner in which you look at and approach certain things. There has to be some facet of your background story where the status quo is ruffled in some manner. Try to remember the scale isn't a factor, it is crucial to concentrate on why it's significant to you. Start with explaining the moment's significance and your urge to experience that, then describe your individual connection to it. It's very valuable to take wri ting apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. This question was reworded for 2017-18, and the present language is an enormous improvement. These strong words don't need adverbs, and this also makes a concise, flowing sentence that's simple to read. A quick sentence is utilized to make the emotional resolution of the admission essay. The Meaning of What Are Some Examples of English 1 College Essay Topics Odds are, the adcom will see lots of evidence of particular talents through your activities lists and accolades. It's the details that actually make this little experience come alive. Because it could tell us something about you as an individual. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched.

Anorexia Nervosa Is An Eating Disorder Characterized By

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of putting on weight with a negative attitude towards body weight (medical dictionary). Due to this extensive fear, people eventually starve themselves leading to extremely low body weights. People suffering from Anorexia take extreme efforts to keep their body weights in check by limiting the amount of food they eat. These efforts range from excessive exercise, misusing diet aids to vomiting after eating just to reduce the level of calorie intake. However, it should be noted that Anorexia is less of an issue about food but more of a mental problem whereby people suffering from it equate thinness to self-worth (Mayo Clinic). As such Anorexia is a psychiatric disorder†¦show more content†¦As a result, this treatment procedure aims at not only reversing the complications of the disorder but also remedying the mental distortion of body weight. This has necessitated inclusion of psychotherapy, behavioral and cognitive interventions in the multifaceted treatment program. This approach ensures that while complications are reduced, the root problem is equally dealt with reducing the probability of recurrence. Additionally, the nature of the effective treatment as multi-faceted necessitates a team approach (Mayo clinic). In this process, dieticians, psychologists as well as medical health providers take part. Medical care is important to reverse the complications related to starvation and in some extreme cases may require hospitalization of the person suffering from the disorder. Recovery is hinged on first acquiring a healthy weight and then maintaining it through proper nutrition. For this purpose, psychologists are important in developing behavioral strategies necessary for acquiring the healthy weight which can be maintained with guidance from a nutritionist. As a psychiatric disorder, the importance of psychotherapy could not be overstated (Mayo clinic). Psychotherapy may be family based or individualized to the affected person. Family-based psychotherapy is crucial for teenagers who need help in making right decisions towards restoration of healthy weight and mainly involves parents ensuring their children are well fed. Cases involving adultsShow MoreRelatedAnorexia Nervosa Is A Disorder Characterized By Abnormal Eating Behaviors1328 Words   |  6 PagesAnorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by abnormal eating behaviors. People with anorexia have a fear of gaining weight which causes them to try and maintain a low weight. They will do anything to prevent weight gain. This includes starvation and exercising too much. They do this because not only do they have the fear of gaining weight they have a distorted body image which means even if they are extremely thin they will believe that they are overweight. (Ehrlich, 2015). Anorexia is not reallyRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa782 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Eating Disorder is a recent addition to the DSM-5. This disorder is characterized by regular episodes of binge eating. An individual experiencing this disorder will usually not Binge use compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or over-exercising after they binge eat. Many people with Binge Eating Disorder are overweight or obese. (Butcher, Hooley, J. M., Mineka, 2013). Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness that is characterized by an unrealistic fear of weightRead MoreBulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are extremely harmful and rising in prevalence. . The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two disorders. 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An eating disorder can be compared to drug use or self mutilation as a way to relieve pain or stress. Food or the denial of food becomes the drug of choice and is used to numb painful feelings. There are three main types of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, also known as compulsive eating disorder. Anorexia Nervosa is an extremely abnormal fear of gaining weight, a distortedRead MoreThe Three Main Types Of Eating Disorders1305 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders The three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating, are complex pschyatriac disorders. The classification and diagnosis of each disorder is challenging because diagnostic symptoms and behaviours overlap. These disorders consist of various biological, psychological and sociological factors. They frequently coexist with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. (ANAD) Eating disorders are commonly associatedRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene , 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimia

Learning Grow Your Brain Cells - 1202 Words

Learning: Grow Your Brain Cells In the book Spark, written by Dr. John J. Ratey, he discusses how exercise can positively affect how your brain works. He provides studies and personal experiences to support the claims he makes. I always knew exercise would improve your life but never could have imagined how much it can affect your brain health as well. The chapter I thought spoke the most to me was chapter two, Learning: Grow Your Brain Cells. The chapter starts out by mentions Naperville, which is a school that uses advice from Dr. Ratey to provide help students prime their brains for learning by using exercise. (1) It also mentions new information about brain pathways and connections, and the brain’s plasticity. Since the book is advertised to everyone, Dr. Ratey breaks down how the brain/nerve cells function and the most important neurotransmitters. A nerve cell functions is by having and electrical signal travel down the axon until it reaches the synapse. 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School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

School based alveolar consonant sealer plans have been spread outing throughout schools in the United States. These plans benefit the kids in forestalling disease and besides profit the health care system. So why is it that so much attending is being brought to sealing cavity and crevices in school aged kids? We will research dental sealers, school based plans, and how these plans benefit the professional universe of health care. We will write a custom essay sample on School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body 1 Sealants do non extinguish cavities but aid to protect the dentition from developing cavities. ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Dental sealers can be compared to a plastic like surfacing which bonds to the occlusal surface ( Tomar, A ; Reeves, 2009 ) . Sealants should be applied before the patient is at hazard for sing dental cavities ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . When puting a sealant many things must be taking into consideration, including location, eruption position, and cavity and crevice morphology. Newly erupted, immature tooth enamel is susceptible to cavities because the enamel is more permeable and has a really high organic content degree. It is critical to protect freshly erupted dentition because it increases the overall length of service of the tooth ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Dental cavities normally form in topographic points where plaque has lingered for an drawn-out sum of clip ( Fontana et al. , 2010 ) . About 90 per centum of cavities in kids are found in cavities and crevices of lasting posterior dentitions with grinders being the most susceptible ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Although sealers are normally effectual at forestalling dental cavities sometimes things go incorrect with sealant arrangement and do the sealers to neglect. Sealants fail on different surfaces of the dentition and besides increase with multiple sealers ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Sound and noncavititizd cavities and crevice surfaces are normally sealed with more importance placed on the posterior dentition ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . The success rate on the lasting first grinders is higher than compared to the 2nd grinders. Mandibular dentitions and mesial sites retained sealers better than maxillary dentitions and distal surfaces. The most common ground for sealant failure is taint of the sealant country with spit. Other factors besides contribute to sealant keeping including experience of the clinician and the cooperation of the client. Puting a dental sealer over cavities is a better option than dental disregard or extraction. ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . If non restored, dental cavities will take to trouble, infection and perchance impaired map ( Tomar, A ; Reeves, 2009 ) . Children are non placed at a higher hazard for cavities if they missed a planned reapplication of the sealers. Sealant arrangement can be reversible if needed and allows for the tooth doctor to put Restorations on the tooth if necessary ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Body 2 The benefits of puting sealers on dentitions have been established, so how is the United States implementing this School Based Sealant Programs are by and large aimed toward low income kids. Child from lower income households are less likely to have alveolar consonant attention when compared with higher income households ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Families below the federal poorness threshold are twice every bit likely to develop cavities as kids whose households are above the federal poorness threshold. Children from lower income households typically consume cariogenic diets, have low fluoride consumption, have histories of old cavities and besides infrequent dental visits ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Merely about 20 per centum of kids from low income households have received sealers as compared to forty per centum in higher income households ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Targeting specific races or degrees of income can be considered favoritism. Programs must measure which kids do non have regular alveolar consonant attention and integrate these plans to aim these populations ( Siegal, A ; Detty, 2010 ) . When implementing school based dental sealant plans cost must be taken into consideration ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . It is more effectual and cost conservative to aim populations instead than single kids. Most plans do non hold the support to seal all posterior dentitions, therefore operators must measure the dentitions and determine which teeth are at highest hazard. Programs typically target kids who are in first class to seal first grinders and 6th class to seal 2nd grinders ( Siegal, A ; Detty, 2010 ) . The operator so must utilize selective sealer applications. The ratio of Restoration to sealant cost is 12:1, which means overall it is cheaper to put sealers than to put Restorations in the dentition ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . School based alveolar consonant sealant plans tend to aim populations that are at the highest hazard for dental cavities. The most common manner used to find which populations are at high hazard is finding the per centum of pupils who are enrolled in the free or decreased monetary value repast plans. Parents of kids in these schools are normally asked to make full out studies in which the followers is reported: whether the kid is enrolled in a free or decreased meal plan, if the childaa‚Â ¬a„?s chief beginning of attention is through Medicaid, or if they are uninsured. Planners so use these studies to measure which schools have kids at higher hazards ( Siegal, A ; Detty, 2010 ) . Although the operator accesses each single kid the cavities risk appraisal is done at a group degree ( Fontana et al. , 2010 ) . Parental consent is needed in order to supply the kid with sealers. Timing of ratings of the keeping of the sealers depends on many factors including: the plan aims, alterations in dental stuffs and techniques, and motion of pupils. It has been found that sealers cut down dental cavities by 70 eight per centum one twelvemonth after arrangement and 50 nine per centum after four or more old ages. School based dental sealers are portion of a comprehensive attack to cut down the communityaa‚Â ¬a„?s hazard of kids developing cavities ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Body 3 Through school based dental sealant plans kids receive the benefits of having the sealers while pupils deriving cognition, compassion, and understanding from the experience. These plans provide kids with needed attention that they otherwise would non be able to have. Though these larning experience pupils will normally go advocators for school based dental sealers in more schools in their local countries or hometowns ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Programs such as the school- based dental sealant plans besides help pupils to understand dental wellness disparities. These plans besides help pupils in being comfy functioning many diverse populations A ; have been shown to positively act upon the studentaa‚Â ¬a„?s attitude towards community service ( Holtzman, A ; Seirawan, 2009 ) . Four handed dental medicine is frequently required, giving the pupils the chance to work together and derive apprehensions from each other ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Students work in squads in connexion with the instructors to measure the demands of the patients and this helps to develop communicating between health care suppliers. In add-on to supplying school based dental sealers pupils should experience a duty to educate both kids and grownups in proper unwritten wellness attention. In the 2007 financial twelvemonth, eighty five per centum of describing provinces have a dental sealant plan in topographic point. The figure of kids being served by these plans has about doubled from 2000 to 2007 ( Holtzman, A ; Seirawan, 2009 ) . Decision The enlargement of school based dental sealers has been on the rise in the United States. With progresss kids are able to have the basic attentions needed in order to assist them better protect their dentitions. It is promoting to see the figure of kids profiting from these plans continues to lift. The benefits of cavity and crevice sealers in kids have been proven to be a preventive attack to dentistry. As these plans continue to develop every bit good as become educated. As people continue to go more cognizant of the benefits funding for these plans in schools will go on to lift. Sealants will assist to relieve childrenaa‚Â ¬a„?s emphasiss about sing the tooth doctors. How to cite School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Moise Butoyi for Marketing Communications-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMoise Butoyi for Marketing Communications. Answer: Theme Full reference Golden threads and evaluation of data source Frames Methods 1. Legal forms Hiller (2013) Improvement in connection between corporate and the society. The legislature allowed independent corporate status. Individual petitions. 2. Dissemination Blankespoor, Miller, White (2013) Dissemination of DAIT enhances symmetry of information of firms. Application of new information technology. Analysis of use of Twitter by firms. 3. Social responsibility Andr (2012) Improved in delivering of social responsibility by the Gray Sector Organization. Identification of benefit corporation and application of theory to analyze its design. Examination of statutes that established benefit corporation in the US. 4. Non-profit organization Stecker (2016) Adoption in behavior of of-profit organization to gain sustainability. Sale of modified enterprises, creation of revenue streams. Enactment of legislatration. 5. Social media Lee, Hutton, Shu, (2015) Use of social media led to improved capital market. Use of social media platforms. Sampling. 6. Model Legislation Loewenstein (2016 Uniformity in benefit corporation legislation Adoption of non-Model Legislation. Uncertain. Social media is a technology that basis on the web, enabling individuals to create, share, and exchange data via networks and social communities. They are more accessible thus allow any person to publish information. Social media allows an organization reach a vast network of customers as well as stakeholders with a message directly and quickly. Also, social media such as the use of Facebook allows multi-dimensional interactions, giving users an opportunity to have a conversation online, with the stakeholders and customers (Murray, (2014). It also enables an organization to bypass intermediaries and spread its messages to a large number of users, without being filtered by traditional media. Social, environmental responsibility is a requirement of the benefit corporation that provides legal protection to assist maximize shareholder profits as well as pursuing an ecological need or agenda. It serves to improve, preserve, and to meet any other requirement for society and the environment. The new Gray Sector Organization thus helps improve social responsibilities. A Benefit Corporation is a legal entity whose obligations are pursuing public benefits, as well as improving returns of the shareholders (Hansmann, (1981). It is a corporate type of business inclusive of the traditional organizational features and societal responsibilities such as preserving the environment, enhancing human health, availing communities with products and services that are of benefit. A B Corp is an entity that prioritizes with shareholders value maximization excluding the value created for all stakeholders (Smith, Zook, (2011). This is done by enhancing credible investment, vailing ratings that are used by investors, and advocate an environment that can be socially useful. Benefit Corporation, on the other hand, addresses shareholders wealth maximization, changing the obligations of officers to incorporate both social and environmental conservation. Social and environmental activities related to measures of conserving the environment, enhancing public health, and delivering public benefits to the society. A BC must deliver the benefits to the public (positive impact on the environment and the society that is compared to a third-party standard ad) (Lee, Hutton, Shu, (2015). The third standard then chooses an authentic, self-standing, and a transparent part to prepare a report. The directors then enforce a right to adopt the benefit purpose in the decision making. Transparency is also vital, hence an independent director should be identified. Lastly, enforcement, the legal action is put into place to bring public benefit. Reference Hansmann, H. B. (1981). Reforming nonprofit corporation law.University of Pennsylvania Law Review,129(3), 497-623. Lee, L. F., Hutton, A. P., Shu, S. (2015). The role of social media in the capital market: evidence from consumer product recalls.Journal of Accounting Research,53(2), 367-404. Murray, J. (2014). Social Enterprise Innovation: Delaware's Public Benefit Corporation Law. Smith, P. R., Zook, Z. (2011).Marketing communications: integrating offline and online with social media. Kogan Page.

Zeigarnik Effect Essay Example For Students

Zeigarnik Effect Essay University of California Peer Reviewed Title: Technostress in the Bionic Library Author: Kupersmith, John Publication Date: 01-01-1998 Publication Info: Postprints, UC Berkeley Permalink: http://escholarship. org/uc/item/1hc8s95x Citation: Kupersmith, John. (1998). Technostress in the Bionic Library. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http:// escholarship. org/uc/item/1hc8s95x Additional Info: John Kupersmith, Technostress in the Bionic Library . Originally published in Cheryl LaGuardia, ed. , Recreating the Academic Library: Breaking Virtual Ground, (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998), pp. 3-47. Original Citation: John Kupersmith, Technostress in the Bionic Library. Originally published in Cheryl LaGuardia, ed. , Recreating the Academic Library: Breaking Virtual Ground, (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998), pp. 23-47. Keywords: technostress, computer-related stress, technology, information systems, libraries Abstract: Computer-related stress, sometimes called â€Å"technostress,† affects sta ff and users as libraries offer more and more information through web sites and other remotely accessible electronic systems. We will write a custom essay on Zeigarnik Effect specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This paper looks at technostress in the context of general stress theory, the Zeigarnik Effect, and the concept of sensemaking. It suggests ways in which library web developers, system designers and managers can reduce stress-related problems. 2008 updates: In the ten years since it was published, this paper has held up fairly well overall. Ive added some notes in the text to acknowledge conditions that have changed. I am grateful to the late Dr. Ilene Rockman, Manager of the California State University Libraries Information Competence Initiative and editor of Reference Services Review, for reviewing an earlier version of these updates. eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. 1 The Bionic Library As readers of this volume are well aware, academic libraries are offering ncreasingly copious and diverse information in electronic form for local and remote access. These electronic services began with online library catalogs, have come to include bibliographic, full-text, and image databases, and, through the use of Internet tools such as the World Wide Web, are rapidly evolving into networked information spaces where users can identify and locate both printed and electronic items, retrieve the latter, and communicate via e-mail with expert guides (e. g. , the library staff). At the same time, the physical library continues to exist and even thrive, acquiring, organizing, and serving up large quantities of material in print and other non-electronic formats to substantial numbers of students and faculty. 2008: Thrive may not be the first word that springs to mind when you read this ARL document, which shows significant declines in reference and circulation transactions between 1995 and 2006 (http://www. arl. org/bm~doc/arl-br-256-stats. pdf). But the results are mixed, with attendance at group presentations increasing. In any case, stress on staff caused by declining library usage only reinforces that caused by technology. Thus it seems likely that academic libraries will continue to operate in both modes for some time. In coining the term bionic library to describe this hybrid concept, Harold Billings also alluded to the variety of reactions among potential users: To some scholars, the concept of an electronic library is paradise at hand; to others, it is absolutely frightening. I suggest that libraries are evolving as bionic libraries; organic, evolutionary, and electronically enhanced. Library collections will continue, perdurable with books and journals, but for some information sources available via remote workstations, the library will soon never sleep The old and new library systems will become assimilated and intertwined. The library is also bionic in the sense that it comprises not only facilities and formats, but also the essential human elements: users and staff. The success of any library system, after all, rests not on how well the design works on paper, in the abstract, but on how readily people will accept it and how effectively they can use it. And it is the biological components of the library that embrace or reject the new technologies; fulfill or frustrate the intentions of system designers; 2 and, especially in these times of change, experience the kind of anxiety and disorientation known as technostress. Stress and Technostress It hardly need be stated here that stress plays a critical and problematic role in modern life. Most modern stress theory is based on the work of Hans Selye, who defined three stages of reaction to stressors in the environment: alarm, resistance, and (in extreme cases where stress is serious and prolonged) exhaustion. 2] While stressors can be pleasant or unpleasant and stress can have positive effects—energizing a person, focusing attention, and stimulating behaviors of engagement and constructive adaptation—generally speaking it is the negative aspect of distress that merits our attention here. Symptoms of stress may be physical (e. g. , muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, dry mouth and throat, shallow breathing, headaches, gastric problems), cognitive (mental fatigue, inability to concentrate, poor judgment), affective (irritability, anxiety, mental fatigue, depression), or behavioral (impulsiveness, avoidance, withdrawal, loss of appetite, insomnia). Other researchers have emphasized the importance of the individuals appraisal of a potential stressor (a charging rhino thus eliciting a stronger reaction than a balky hypertext link), the degree to which the individual perceives that he/she can control the situation, personality differences and social support mechanisms that affect individuals reactions and adaptability, and the additive and cumulative effects of multiple stressors, including both negative and positive life events. Compounding the effects of multiple stressors is the phenomenon known as the Zeigarnik effect, which confirms a common human experience: interrupted tasks tend to be remembered better than completed tasks, especially when the individual is highly involved in the task and when the interruption is unplanned. This helps explain why staff and users of the bionic library, juggling a host of tasks, tend to carry around (and experience continuing stress from) their mental to-do lists, and why many find it diff icult to derive much satisfaction from completed tasks. Computers—or, more correctly, the ways in which people and organizations perceive, use, and relate to computers—are a potent source of stress, in the bionic library as elsewhere. Craig Brod, who introduced the term technostress in 1984, defined it as: a modern disease of adaptation caused by an inability to cope with the new computer technologies in a healthy manner. It manifests itself in two distinct and related ways: in the struggle to accept computer technology, and in the more specialized form of overidentification with computer technology. The primary symptom of those who are ambivalent, reluctant, or fearful of computers is anxiety. This anxiety is expressed in many ways: irritability, headaches, nightmares, resistance to learning about the computer, or outright rejection of the technology. Technoanxiety most commonly afflicts those who feel pressured—by employer, peers, or the general culture—to accept and use computers. 3 As Brod suggests, technostress takes several forms. Physical problems such as repetitive strain injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome, or back problems result from poor machine design or ergonomics. Computer anxiety comprises several problems, ranging from temporary confusion over how to use a system, to feelings of being rushed or dehumanized by the computer, to the distinct and more pervasive fear known as computerphobia or technophobia. At the other end of the attitudinal spectrum, those who are highly positive about and involved with computers also experience technostress. This effect can be quite subtle, as when people attempt to match their thinking and behavior to that of computer systems, especially when the interface design does little to adapt the underlying functions of the machine to human perceptions and behavior. Margaret Stiegs description of technostress underscores these effects: To use any technology successfully, the user is forced to conform to its patterns. The computer has profoundly altered our sense of time, a change with many aspects. It has made possible greater efficiency, therefore greater efficiency is now required. The computer requires immediate response. Many of us find the blinking cursor tyrannical and somewhat unnerving . The acceleration of work the computer has brought inhibits reflection, which in turn inhibits nderstanding. All of these characteristics impart a greater sense of urgency to the worker, a compulsion not to waste time, a consciousness of stress. 2008: Web interfaces have replaced the tyranny of the blinking cursor with multiple visible options waiting for a mouse click or other user action. This is a great improvement if the interface is well designed, but fast response times on high-speed networks and the growing number of computer-related tasks have combined to increase time pressure on most library users and staff. The same phenomenon is reflected in a recent handbook from a business consulting firm, intended to help corporate employees adjust to the fast-changing, computerized, global workplace: you need to operate with a strong sense of urgency. Accelerate in all aspects of your work, even if it means living with a few more ragged edges. Sure, high quality is crucial, but it must come quickly. You cant sacrifice speed. Learn to fail fast, fix it, and race on. Any change in a persons life, whether positive or negative, can produce stress. Technostress is especially likely to occur when new technologies are being introduced. Users of any computer system rely on their mental models to help them navigate among its various components and form assumptions about what will result from various actions. When the technology changes, the old models no longer function; the more complex and less obvious the technology, the more difficult it is to form new ones. As Karl E. Weick points out in his analysis of this sensemaking process: New technologies create unusual problems in sensemaking for managers and operators. For example, people now face the novel problem of how to recover from incomprehensible failures in computer systems. To solve this problem, people must 4 assume the role of failure managers who are heavily dependent on their mental models of what might have happened, although they can never be sure because so much is concealed. Complex systems make limited sense because so little is visible and so much is transient, and they make many different kinds of sense because the dense interactions that occur within them can be modeled in so many different ways. 12] These general aspects of technostress affect both staff and users of the bionic library; but because these groups are in somewhat different situations, they are treated separately in the following discussion. Effects on Staff By the nature of their work, librarians, like other members of the so-called helping professions, are subject to chronic stress, from multiple sources, in situations over which they have (or perceive that they have) little control. Several studies have documented this stress, and the related (though distinct and less common) phenomenon of burnout. The effects of technostress on librarians have been described by Bartlett, Bichteler, Champion, Clark and Kalin, Dobb, Hickey et al, Hudiberg, Moreland, and Sievert et al. The related problem of resistance to technological change in libraries has been addressed by Fine, Malinconico, Luguire, and Giesbrecht and McCarthy. 15] Although technostress affects all areas of the library, staff in public services such as reference and interlibrary loan are most directly impacted by the convergence of online catalogs, electronic search and delivery systems, and remote access. The type of stress affecting reference staff in the increasingly electronic library has been characterized as having four components: †¢ Performance anxiety: the feeling that one cannot use the systems effectively or help others to do so; particularly difficult for those whose high standards and ser vice ethic extend to perfectionism. Information overload: the sensation of being overwhelmed by the volume of new systems, databases, interfaces, and service initiatives. According to one recent estimate, reference staff in a university library deal with a minimum of 30-50 different types of software for various on-line, CD-ROM, and word processing uses. Role conflicts: uncertainty and confusion about ones proper role—novice or expert, intermediary or teacher, reactive helper or proactive change agent. Organizational factors: the disparity between increasing demand (volume of work, rising expectations of users) and static or decreasing resources (insufficient staff, poor training, scarce or outdated equipment). †¢ †¢ †¢ Common symptoms of technostress will vary among different staff members, but may include: feelings of isolation and frustration; negative attitudes toward new computer-based sources and systems; indifference to users computer-related needs (as in Its not my job to fix that printer); self-deprecating thoughts or statements about ones ability to cope; an apologetic attitude toward users; and a definition of self as not a computer person. Those most intensively involved with developing and managing the bionic library are under particular stress. They are required to combine creative, long-range, strategic thinking with intense analytical concentration on technical details—not a novel demand in library management, but certainly a taxing one. One librarian, working on a consortium project for electronic document delivery, recently commented: As I observe losing energy, missing deadlines, forgetting assignments, and otherwise generally melting down from overwork and stress of all kinds, Im beginning to wonder if were seeing the beginning of a serious trend where significant numbers of middle- and upper-level library managers (if not those on the front lines, too) are just going to collapse from exhaustion. 18] This description calls to mind the classic Type A behavior pattern, associated with coronary heart disease and described as an action-emotion complex that can be observed in any person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons. Effects on Users Computerized library catalogs, periodical indexes, text/data systems, and Internet access are generally popular with s tudents and faculty, especially with frequent users. 20] However, while technostress as such has not been formally studied among users of these systems as it has in other populations, there is ample evidence that users often do not understand the systems or use them well. Many searches in online catalogs produce zero results or very large results. Users are often unable to reformulate their search strategies effectively, and most do not use the systems built-in help features. 2008: Web search logs show the same patterns, plus a pervasive failure to distinguish whether a search box leads to the library catalog, a site-specific search, or a web search engine. Cognitive dissonance and stress occur when users get results that dont conform to their expectations. Unsuccessful searches, of course, may result from several factors: conceptual mistakes in search formulation, typographical errors, or items not being in the database; but whatever the causes, the stress contributing to and resulting from such performance problems detracts from the success of the bionic library. When considering the users situation, we should remember that myths of the ivory tower notwithstanding, students and faculty tend to lead stressful lives. 22] Like the library staff, they bring a certain amount of baggage to the terminal. However, unlike most staff, users have a convenient (if potentially self-damaging) means of stress reduction at their disposal: unless they are specifically required to use a certain system, 6 they can simply walk away and opt to use other sources. The often-quoted Mooers Law is relevant here: An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it. Like the traditional print-based library, which demands literacy and familiarity with various cultural cues, the bionic library presents special difficulties—and extra stress—to users who are not accustomed to computers and online retrieval or have specific needs that may not be met by standard user interfaces. Any discussion of user group characteristics should bear in mind the danger of drawing erroneous conclusions from narrowly-focused studies, the problem of reinforcing negative images through stereotyping, the continuing spread and diffusion of computer knowledge, and above all the importance of individual differences. 25] The research literature on gender and computer use discourages facile generalizations, but there is evidence that the stress and negative attitudes sometimes attributed to women as computer users may be more a matter of computa tional reticence, a reaction to a traditionally maledominated computer culture and to system designs that emphasize autonomy rather than connectedness, competition rather than communication. In this sense, the networked nature of the bionic library appears to offer considerable promise. 26] Users from various cultures—particularly those with limited English-language skills or whose socioeconomic background has precluded contact with computers—naturally tend to respond to system cues in terms of their own preconceptions; system design and terminology should be carefully evaluated to reduce misunderstandings. Elderly users and those with disabilities may require special considerations in ergonomics and displays, but again this is an area where individual differences are paramount. .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 , .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .postImageUrl , .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 , .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:hover , .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:visited , .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:active { border:0!important; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:active , .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245 .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2eba982a7ca975fbb62ddb024cb3245:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bioethics EssayOne clearly disadvantaged group consists of new users, a sizable population on any campus and one that is replenished every year; relevant design strategies include providing a novice mode (discussed below) and choosing system terminology to match users natural language. Those who design, manage, and teach electronic information systems should certainly be aware that users will be starting from many different points in their background knowledge and attitudes. The individual using networked information systems from outside the library is often described in the literature as a remote user, but for this discussion it is worth noting that from the users point of view, he/she is central and the library is remote. Furthermore, for any individual, the virtual library means not only the local librarys online system, but also other libraries systems, and in fact the sum total of information resources to which he/she can connect in some meaningful way. 27] 2008: In my experience, participants in focus groups and usability studies often fail to make distinctions among various interconnected online systems, such as the library catalog, web pages, and vendor-provided databases. This is not a mistake on their part. Its a natural perception for non-experts, and designers need to address it. 7 Users accessing a remote system from their office or home computers have the advantage of familiarity with their equipment, but may encounter problems if it is not compatible with the system being used. If they are new or infrequent users of the system, they may have special difficulties in understanding its structure and procedures. These users may also suffer from feelings of isolation as well as from the lack of information and feedback they could gain in a physical library through direct contact with other users or staff. Whether they are dialing in from home, connecting from a computer lab, or sitting at an OPAC terminal, people face a number of problems in using the complex of information systems that make up the bionic library. Most fundamental is the need to locate and identify the library itself. While it is generally easy to find the library building on a college or university campus, the corresponding electronic library may have several components (including a dial-up catalog/database system, a CD-ROM network, standalone page-image workstations, gopher and World Wide Web sites), each with a different point of contact and some not linked with the rest. In a sense, end-users in the 1990s are going through what library staff began to experience in the 1980s, adapting to one new system after another—and often to several at once. 008: The mix of ingredients has changed somewhat, but the virtual library still remains fragmented. Even with most access being through the web, the library may still have multiple entry points, including alternative home pages, a presence on course pages, and perhaps an interface for mobile devices not to forget the tangle of networked and non-networked CD-ROMs. When the us er does connect to one of these systems, he/she may have a hard time determining what it will do, or whether it is the best resource for the purpose, especially if the system is new or unfamiliar. Even in a well-organized multi-database system, users may not be aware of what file they are using; for example, 37% of students using a periodical index in one such system believed they were using the library catalog. The Internet offers further challenges; an academic librarian recently commented that: Information overload and search anxiety are two common problems here. The faculty feel overwhelmed by the information they have access to, and the disorganization of the Internet is a major factor for most of them not using it. They have learned to find information by browsing most of the time, but the Internet is too large to browse. A computer lab assistant in a large university library made a similar observation about student users: The Internet just scares people to death. The Internet is so big and you get so lost. Once a user has settled on a particular information system, its interface may present further problems. Commands, error messages, and other terminology used in the system may not be understandable. Available commands and features may not be visible at a particular point. Depending on the system design, the user may feel—and may in fact be—unable to control the system properly. Irene Sever provides a useful metaphor when she portrays the experience of new users of electronic information systems as a form of culture shock: Todays library, and even more that of tomorrow, has many characteristics of an exotic, alien environment: its language is unfamiliar and specialized and ev okes incorrect associations. The form taken by the equipment creates difficulties which must be overcome: screen versus printed page, he need to press combinations of keys of baffling complexity instead of running a finger and an eye down an index page, the difficulty of mastering the order of functions necessary to run a simple user-friendly program . An electronic library cannot be learned through instant coaching on which keys to press or even through the diligent perusal of a manual. What is necessary is to grow into an electronic library environment gradually through socialization as well as through education. 33] Reading this passage, librarians experienced in reference or user education will recognize similarities to the situation of first-time or infrequent users in a physical library. In fact, while the specific problems may differ, the phenomenon of library anxiety is not fundamentally different in this new setting. Implications for System Design As quoted above, Craig Brod defined technostress as a modern disease of adaptation caused by an inability to cope with the new computer technologies in a healthy manner. The disease metaphor is useful, but it can be misleading. Computer technologies are not inherently healthy or right; users who have difficulty adapting to them are not inherently diseased or wrong. We can do much to help the users adjust, but even more important is proper system design. Traditional mainframe-based information systems have generally been developed by large organizations: libraries, data processing centers, and commercial vendors. The designers have often been systems analysts who—in the best case—received feedback on user behavior from sources closer to the front lines, such as transaction logs, online user comments, customer groups, and usability labs. This top-down methodology has produced mixed results, the most successful systems coming from situations where user feedback was copious, frequent, and highly valued. Recent developments in networking and client/server systems offer the potential for different kinds of products and development processes. The Gateway project at Ohio State University pioneered the concept of a library-developed front end tailored to students research needs. Moving beyond the limitations of any single interface, the Z39. 50 standard permits the end-user to select from a variety of client software programs, much as he/she might choose a word processor, and use them to access a variety of information servers. The various Internet tools, particularly the graphical browsers now available for use on the World Wide Web, allow publicservice librarians—and even users themselves—to design and construct front-end access systems 9 of various kinds. Web pages that combine instructional text and graphics with links to various information systems can offer flexible structures, helpful guidance, affective support, cultural cues, and communication mechanisms, making it easier for users to adapt to the new environment of the bionic library. 2008: Its now clear that for all their advantages, web interfaces dont automatically produce understanding on the part of the user. Just to cite one example, the library where I work is now offering a hands-on orientation to its own web site. Like many other libraries, its also redesigning that site with usability as a prime goal. On a larger scale, a consortium of federal agencies led by the National Science Foundation is currently supporting Digital Libraries Initiative projects as six universities, some of which aim to investigate usability as well as technical issues. Whatever the interface, the same essential design principles apply—clarity and consistency of presentation; visibility and predictability of functions; naturalness of commands and actions; and keeping the user in control. The designer has some basic tasks to perform in order to reduce stress for the user. The first is to develop and communicate the system image which the user will need to internalize in order to function effectively. The more accurate and memorable the users mental model of the system, the less stress he/she will experience in staying oriented and carrying out various tasks. The primary tools for conveying this kind of information—welcome screens, menus, screen headers, logos and other graphical cues—provide a consistent network of verbal and visual anchor points throughout the system, taking advantage of the users powers of long-term memory and pattern recognition. A basic decision at this point involves whether to give the user a choice of novice vs. expert modes (the former offering a limited selection of options). This is one way to address the needs of the inexperienced user, but forcing people to choose between the two may actually increase stress, especially if the novice mode actually cannot access certain commands or functions. A command-driven/menu-augmented design offers more flexibility in that a basic set of options can be displayed to all users, with advanced commands or shortcuts available to any user and explained in the systems online and printed documentation. 41] 2008: This was written with text-based systems in mind, but the same principle can be put to work in a graphical interface. For example, a web site may offer novice users a set of basic choices (Find Books, Find Articles, etc. ) while providing other links calculated to attract the experienced user (such as the name of the library catalog). As suggested above, the ele ctronic library presents users with many of the same cognitive problems as the traditional print-based library. Users must navigate through a different kind of 10 space—defined in this case by screens, words, links, icons, and graphics rather than walls—but the wayfinding process is similar. The natural transfer of imagery from the physical library into the electronic library is suggested by many users continuing fondness for the term electronic card catalog, and by the proliferation of commercial online systems based on metaphors such as a virtual desktop, home, or town. Thus architectural concepts, such as rooms, maps, and signposts, are also appropriate tools for library system designers, whether or not the final interface is presented as a virtual building. 2008: An architectural mindset is still a good design tool, but web design has evolved its own set of norms that make virtual building metaphors less necessary. Similarly, younger users are much more likely to perceive the library catalog as a search engine than as an electronic card catalog. An especially useful evaluation technique is to capture and study the comments of users, reflecting their awareness of and reactions to a system, much as designers will follow a naive user through a physical building, monitoring what the user is thinking and doing at various decision points. Once the design process moves into developing specific features, the principal stress-reducing task is to control complexity without dumbing down the system by hiding or omitting important functions. 2008: The state o f the art in user-centered design has advanced considerably since this was written. Web usability has become a discipline in itself, and its standard practice to conduct usability studies as part of a major library web site project. The traditional admonition to keep it simple presents only one side of the equation; if carried too far, it leads to an impoverished result. During prototype testing of Microsofts Bob operating-system interface, a novice user was shown some of the cartoon animals that serve as guides in the system. As the designer recalled, This guy was very emotional about it—he grabbed my arm. He said, Save all the money on the manuals, just give me this duck to always be there and tell me what to do. There may be a future for social computing interfaces in the bionic library, but if a bird is in charge, perhaps it should at least be an owl. As Donald Norman has pointed out, one of the prime features of any designed artifact is visibility: Make things visible on the execution side of an action so that people know what is possible and how actions should be done; make things visible on the evaluation side so that people can tell the effects of their actions. The designer walks a tightrope between overcomplexity and oversimplicity in developing displays of search results, hypertext links, or other information. Disorganized complexity is an obvious cause of stress, but the temptation to simplify and use low screen densities everywhere can lead to users missing important material or 11 having to page through multiple (though perhaps elegant-looking) screens. Edward Tufte of fers some useful guidance in this area: Confusion and clutter are failures of design, not attributes of information. And so the point is to find design strategies that reveal detail and complexity—rather than to fault the data for an excess of complication. Or, worse, to fault viewers for a lack of understanding. User interfaces with high information resolution are an appropriate match to human skills frequently optimal. If the task is contrast, comparison, or choice—as it so often is—then the more relevant information gracefully within eyespan, the better. Lowdensity displays, with screens scrolling scrolling scrolling, require users to rely on visual memory—a weak skill Low-information displays lead to breaking up of work into user-irritating micro-steps, with a consequent loss of coherence . A common question asked by users of data-thin screens is Where am I? Tuftes recommended solutions include layering and separation of data. In fact, the complexity of library catalogs and database systems generally requires that available commands be presented in layers, wi th a command available to call up a display of advanced or seldom-used functions. Likewise, search results are often presented in a series of increasingly detailed levels. Tufte also recommends arranging data in small multiples, laid out so that the user can readily see patterns. The prevailing design of World Wide Web pages shows a historical evolution from lengthy text paragraphs sprinkled with links, to greater reliance on list-type presentations, arranged either vertically, or horizontally with graphic separators. 008: The designers tool kit has further evolved to include pop-up, pull-down, and flyover menus, mouseover links, frames, etc. Obviously any of these tools can be used well or abused. The verbal elements of presentation are also worth considering. While we have come a long way from barking at the user with messages such as Invalid command code, designers should remember that users will experience less stress if the system speaks to them in a way that is, if not friendly, at least civil, and above all comprehensible. User errors are a prime source of stress, whether these are simple typos or the result of search strategies and assumptions that do not match those of the systems designers. Forgiveness should be a prime design goal, achieved through such means as providing multiple access points to items, offering both browse and keyword search options, trapping initial articles and other common errors, normalizing search input, accepting alternative command synonyms (including the NISO Common Command Language), and providing helpful prompts in case of zero results or large result sets. In 1994, the Research Libraries Groups Eureka system was enhanced with a package of changes collectively termed Do what I mean; these forgiveness features have reduced user errors by 80%. Implications for System Management 12 Like the bionic librarys designers, its managers can do much to reduce stress for users and staff. A prime goal in this area is coherence. As mentioned above, the electronic portion of a typical academic library presently resembles a loose aggregation of disparate elements rather than a tightly knit system. Whatever the manager can do to promote both the sense and the functional reality of a unified system—through judicious selection of resources, consolidation and linking of resource menus, and carefully presented publicity and instructions—will benefit both the students and faculty who use the system, and the staff who explain and interpret it. The greater control users feel over a system, the less stress they experience from it. This sense of control derives largely from the system design, but is also affected by how a system is managed. For example, incremental changes, announced both through advance publicity and at the point of use, are less likely to be disruptive than revolutionary changes made with no advance warning. 2008: My candidate for the Mt. Everest of system changes is the California Digital Librarys transition to new versions of the Melvyl catalog and 34 article databases. This process, involving intricate planning, user input from all nine campuses of the UC system, and a great deal of communication, took at least three years and was completed in 2003. .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 , .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .postImageUrl , .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 , .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:hover , .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:visited , .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:active { border:0!important; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:active , .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741 .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u409ac78c3be7e21c8d07f3a1d86d0741:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Colonial America Religions EssayFor details, see CDLs AI Transition page (http://www. cdlib. org/inside/projects/a-i-trans/). A closely related goal is to humanize the technology as much as possible. As John Naisbitt predicted in 1982, The more high technology around us, the more the need for human touch. The high tech/high touch approach takes advantage of users natural tendency to relate to computers as if they were people. To this end, any text in a system—including banners, news screens, introductions, instructions, error messages, etc. —should be written in a direct, positive, natural tone. Wherever feasible, managers should implement a â€Å"comment† or â€Å"mailto† function, offering users a chance to send feedback. Even if it is not possible to reply to every comment, posting a frequently asked questions file will give users a sense of a dialogue with the machine, providing benefits that go beyond the information communicated. Training, documentation, and online help are often cited as key elements in supporting users. These devices are certainly essential and require careful design, even though they may be infrequently used. There is some evidence that human help at in-library terminal locations improves user performance and increases satisfaction. This is an expensive service to offer on a full-time basis, but some libraries have assigned reference desk staff to float through CDROM and OPAC areas during high-use periods, and some public libraries have begun using volunteer docents to provide this type of help. Managers of the bionic library can also take various actions to reduce stress for staff members. The most obvious is to equip staff not only with computers and network connections, but also with the necessary skills and competencies to function in the new environment. Roy Tennant points out that Instruction and training are the cornerstone of any effort to retool library 13 staff to meet the challenges and opportunities of electronic-based information. Managers can further the success of training through selection of appropriate methods, sensitivity to the individual starting points and learning styles of staff, and provision of sheltered space and time for learning. 54] Another important managerial task is to foster enthusiasm for the new information systems and a positive attitude toward change—something most effectively done by example. One of the best ways to overcome technostress is to learn, and one of the best ways to learn is to teach. The experience of library staff at The University of Texas at Austin, who volunteered to teach the Internet and other computer skills to several thousand users, suggests that aggressive involvement in such teaching can reduce the effects of stress and increase self-confidence as well as technical skills. The developers of this program have also contributed to stress reduction by fostering a culture in which both trainers and students are engaged in a joint learning experience, thus reducing the trainers fear of system glitches or difficult questions. Conclusion Technostress is part of the price we pay for living in a time of revolutionary and dramatic change. The bionic library embodies both print and electronics, with all the social and cultural structures that surround them: the old and the new ways of learning about the world and connecting with other people. This hybrid institution, full of new devices and continually under construction, makes many demands on its users. We can learn much from the stress that people naturally experience in this situation. The success of the bionic library will be determined not only by economics and technology, but also by the extent to which its designers and managers can shape it as a tool for human use. Notes Harold Billings, The Bionic Library, Library Journal 116 (October 15, 1991): 38-42. Reprinted in Harold Billings, Magic Hypersystems: Constructing the Information-Sharing Library (Chicago: ALA Editions, 2002) (http://tinyurl. om/6452ey). Hans Selye, The Stress Concept and Some of its Implications, in Vernon Hamilton and David M. Warburton, ed. , Human Stress and Cognition: An Information Processing Approach (Chichester; New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979), 11-32. For an excellent review of stress theory and literature, see Gail Hackett and Susan Lonborg, Models of Stress, in Elizabeth M. Altm aier, ed. , Helping Students Manage Stress (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1983), 3-21. For a more recent update, see Ronald M. Doctor and Jason N. Doctor, Stress, in V. S. Ramachandran, ed. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994), 4:311-323. 14 Reported by Bliuma Zeigarnik in 1927, this is described in F. L. Denmark, Zeigarnik Effect, in Raymond J. Corsini, ed. , Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley Sons, 1994), 3:593. Craig Brod, Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984), 16. John S. Craig, Managing Computer-Related Anxiety and Stress Within Organizations, Journal of Educational Technology Systems 22 (1993-94): 309-325; Amarjit S. Sethi, Denis H. J. Caro, and Randall S. Schuler, eds. , Strategic Management of Technostress in an Information Society (Lewiston, NY and Toronto: C. J. Hogrefe, Inc. , 1987). See also several studies by Richard A. Hudiburg and associates, including Measuring Technostress: Computer-Related Stress, Psychological Reports 64 (1989): 767-772, and Measuring Computer Users Stress: The Computer Hassles Scale, Psychological Reports 73 (1993): 923-929. Brett A. Cohen and Gordon W. Waugh, Assessing Computer Anxiety, Psychological Reports 65 (1989): 735-738; Carol R. Glass and Luanne A. Knight, Cognitive Factors in Computer Anxiety, Cognitive Therapy and Research 12 (1988): 351-366; Paula C. Morrow, Eric R. Prell, and James C. McElroy, Attitudinal and Behavioral Correlates of Computer Anxiety, Psychological Reports 59 (1986): 1199-1204. Mike Greenly, Computerphobia: The Fear That Keeps People Off-Line, The Futurist 22 (January-February 1988): 14-18; Richard A. Hudiburg, Relating Computer-Associated Stress to Computerphobia, Psychological Reports 67 (1990): 311-314. Margaret F. Stieg, Technology and the Concept of Reference, or, What Will Happen to the Milkmans Cow? , Library Journal 115 (April 15, 1990): 48. Price Pritchett, The Employee Handbook of New Work Habits for a Radically Changing World: 13 Ground Rules for Job Success in the Information Age (Dallas: Pritchett Associates, Inc, ), 10. Christine L. Borgman, Mental Models: Ways of Looking at a System, ASIS Bulletin 9 (December 1982): 38-39. Karl E. Weick, Technology as Equivoque: Sensemaking in New Technologies, in Paul S. Goodman, Lee S. Sproull, and Associates, Technology and Organizations (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990), 1,2. Karen A. Becker, The Characteristics of Bibliographic Instruction in Relation to the Causes and Symptoms of Burnout, RQ 32 (Spring 1993): 346-357; Janette S. Caputo, Stress and Burnout in Library Service (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1991); David S. Ferriero and Kathleen A. Powers, Burnout at the Reference Desk, RQ 21 (Spring 1982): 274-279; Mary Haack, John W. Jones, and Tina Roose, Occupational Burnout Among Librarians, Drexel Library Quarterly 20 5 (Spring 1984): 46-72. For a critical review, see David P. Fisher, Are Librarians Burning Out? , Journal of Librarianship 22 (October 1990): 216-235. Julie Bichteler, Technostress in Libraries: Causes, Effects, and Solutions, The Electronic Library 5 (October 1987): 282-87, and Human Aspects of High Tech in Special Libraries, Special Libraries 77 (Summer 1986): 121-28; Sandra Champion, Technostress: Technologys Toll, School Library Journal 35 (Novemb er 1988): 48-51; Katie Clark and Sally Kalin, â€Å"Technostressed Out? How to Cope in the Digital Age,† Library Journal 121 (August 1996), 3032; Linda S. Dobb, Technostress: Surviving a Database Crash, Reference Services Review 18 (1990): 65-68,48; Kate D. Hickey et al. , Technostress in Libraries and Media Centers, TechTrends 37 (1992): 17-21; Richard Hudiburg, â€Å"Technostress,† paper presented at ALA/ACRL Instruction Section program (July 8, 1996); Virginia Moreland, â€Å"Technostress and Personality Type,† Online 17 (July 1993), 59-62; MaryEllen Sievert et al. Investigating Computer Anxiety in an Academic Library, Information Technology and Libraries 7 (September 1988): 243-52. Sara F. Fine, Technological Innovation, Diffusion, and Resistance: An Historical Perspective, Journal of Library Administration 7 (Spring 1986): 83-108, and Human Factors and Human Consequences: Opening Commentary in Allen Kent and Thomas J. Galvin, eds. , Information Technology: Critical Choices for Library Decision-Makers (New York: Marcel Dekker, 19 82), 209-24; S. Michael Malinconico, Hearing the Resistance, Library Journal 108 (January 15, 1983): 111-13, and Listening to the Resistance, Library Journal 108 (February 15, 1983): 353-55; Wilson Luguire, Attitudes Toward Automation/Innovation in Academic Libraries, Journal of Academic Librarianship 8 (January 1983): 344-51; Walter Giesbrecht and Roberta McCarthy, Staff Resistance to Library CD-ROM Services, CD-ROM Professional 4 (May 1991): 34-38. John Kupersmith, Technostress and the Reference Librarian, Reference Services Review 20 (Summer 1992): 7-14,50. 17] Kirsten Klinghammer, Re: technostress, private e-mail message (March 31, 1995). Quoted by permission. Julie Blume Nye, Re: Virtual libraries - technostress? , private e-mail message (March 31, 1995). Quoted by permission. Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart (New York: Knopf, 1974), 84; quoted in Hackett and Lonborg, Models of Stress, p. 9. This passage might not be cited here had the author not seen a coll eague, involved in a high-profile database project, temporarily sidelined with chest pains. 20] Kenneth W. Berger and Richard W. Hines, What Does the User Really Want? The Library User Survey Project at Duke University, Journal of Academic Librarianship 20 (November 1994): 306-309; Karen Markey, Thus Spake the OPAC User, Information Technology and Libraries 2 (December 1983): 381-387; but see also Rachel Applegate, Models of User 16 Satisfaction: Understanding False Positives, RQ 32 (Summer 1993): 525-539. Christine L. Borgman, Why Are Online Catalogs Hard to Use? Lessons Learned from Information-Retrieval Studies, Journal of the American Society for Information Science 37 (1986): 387-400; Larry Millsap and Terry Ellen Ferl, Search Patterns of Remote Users: An Analysis of OPAC Transaction Logs, Information Technology and Libraries 12 (September 1993): 321-343; Patricia M. Wallace, How Do Patrons Search the Online Catalog When No Ones Looking? Transaction Log Analysis and Implications for Bibliographic Instruction and System Design, RQ 33 (Winter 1993): 239-252. Glenn P. Gray and Leon H. Rottmann, Perceptions of Stress in Undergraduate College Students, Journal of College and University Student Housing 18 (Winter 1988): 14-20; Dona M. Kagan and Vada Fasan, Stress and the Instructional Environment, College Teaching 36 (Spring 1988): 75-81; George V. Richard and Thomas S. Krieshok, Occupational Stress, Strain, and Coping in University Faculty, Journal of Vocational Behavior 34 (1989): 117-132; and Robert E. Seiler and Della A. Pearson, Dysfunctional Stress Among University Faculty, Educational Research Quarterly 9 (1984-85): 15-26. Calvin N. Mooers, Editorial: Mooers Law; or, Why Some Retrieval Systems Are Used and Others Not, American Documentation 11 (July 1960): ii. Mooers article actually concerns the pain and trouble of possessing and working with information; however, his law as stated does seem to apply as well to the difficulties of using the retrieval systems themselves. A good starting point for exploring this area is the section on Accommodation of Human Diversity in Ben Shneiderman, Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective HumanComputer Interaction, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992), 21-31. Christine L. Borgman, All Users of Information Retrieval Systems Are Not Created Equal: An Exploration into Individual Differences, Information Processing and Management 25 (1989): 237-251; Brenda Dervin, Users as Research Inventions: How Research Categories Perpetuate Inequities, Journal of Communication 39 (Summer 1989): 216-232. Sherry Turkle, Computational Reticence: Why Women Fear the Intimat e Machine, in Cheris Kramarae, ed. , Technology and Womens Voices: Keeping in Touch (New York and London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1988), 41-61. See also Robin H. Kay, An Examination of Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Aptitude, and Use, paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association (San Francisco, April 20-24, 1992), ERIC document ED346848. For Internet resources on this topic, see Ellen Spertus, Women and Computer Science (http://people. mills. edu/spertus/Gender/gender. tml). As an example, 18% of the items gathered in preparation for this chapter were obtained directly from electronic sources: WWW and gopher sites, periodical index systems with e-mail and fax delivery of articles, and e-mail messages including a survey of PACS-L listserv subscribers. Of the print items obtained from four different libraries, approximately 80% were identified and located using online catalogs and computerized indexes, the rest through browsing. 17 Sally W. Kalin, Support Services for Remote Users of Online Public Access Catalogs, RQ 31 (1991): 197-213; Karen Weilhorski, Teaching Remote Users How to Use Electronic Information Resources. Public-Access Computer Systems Review 5 (1994): 5-20. Data gathered by the author from users on library terminals at the University of Texas at Austin. Remote users, having to select databases from menus, would likely be better oriented. Screen designs were subsequently modified to provide more prominent indication of the database being used. Margaret F. Riley, Re: Virtual libraries - technostress? , private e-mail message (March 31, 1995). Quoted by permission. Quoted in Mary Lynn Rice-Lively, Trip to Bountiful: Personal Snapshots of the Campus Computing Center, unpublished paper for graduate course at the University of Texas at Austin (June 9, 1994), 20. For a review of the extensive literature on such problems, see Martha M. Yee, System Design and Cataloging Meet the User: User Interfaces to Online Public Access Catalogs, Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42 (1991): 78-98. 33] Irene Sever, Electronic Information Retrieval as Culture Shock: An Anthropological Exploration, RQ 33 (Spring 1994): 336-41. Constance A. Mellon, Library Anxiety: A Grounded Theory and Its Development, College Research Libraries 47 (March 1986): 160-165. Rob Kling and Margaret Elliott, Digital Library Design for Usability, in Digital Libraries 94: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on the Theory and Practice of Digital Libr aries (June 19-21, 1994, College Station, TX), accessed on the World Wide Web (http://www. csdl. tamu. du/DL94/paper/kling. html); Shneiderman, Designing the User Interface; Robert Waite, Making Information Easy to Use, ASIS Bulletin 9 (December 1982): 34-37. Philip J. Smith and Virginia Tiefel, The Information Gateway: Designing a Front-End Interface to Enhance Library Instruction, Reference Services Review 20 (Winter 1992): 37-48. As of this writing, a useful collection of pointers to Innovative Internet Applications in Libraries is being maintained by Ken Middleton at the Todd Library, Middle Tennessee State University (http://www. iltonlibrary. org/innovate. html). The Electronic Classroom of the Science and Engineering Library, University of California, San Diego (http://web. archive. org/web/*/http://sehplib. ucsd. edu/electclass/classroom. html), offers an exemplary set of course-specific home pages, many developed through partnerships between librarians and teaching facult y. 18 To access these projects via the World Wide Web, use: http://dli. grainger. uiuc. edu/national. htm http://www. dli2. nsf. gov/ Anyone involved in designing a system should read Donald A. Norman, The Psychology of Everyday Things (New York: Basic Books, 1988) and Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993). For a useful discussion of library catalog design principles and procedures, see Walt Crawford, The Online Catalog Book: Essays and Examples (New York: G. K. Hall, 1992), 49-82. Norman, The Psychology of Everyday Things, 189-191. For a specific instance, see John Kupersmith, UTCAT: Applying Design Principles to an Online Catalog, in Crawford, The Online Catalog Book, 507-520. 42] Roger M. Downs, Mazes, Minds, and Maps, in Dorothy Pollet and Peter C. Haskell, ed. , Sign Systems for Libraries: Solving the Wayfinding Problem (New York: Bowker, 1979), 17-32. For relevant discussions of navigation in hypertext systems, see Shneiderman, Designing the User Interface, 403-418; and Ben Ide, Hypertext and Hypermedia: The Effect on Libraries, Patrons, and Information Organization, undergraduate departme ntal honors thesis, School of Library Science and Instructional Technology, Southern Connecticut State University, April 1992 (http://www. lulu. com/content/186542). 43] For a discussion of these parallels, see Kristina Hooper, Architectural Design: An Analogy, in Donald A. Norman and Stephen W. Draper, ed. , User-Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction (Hillsdale, NJ and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986), 9-23; John Kupersmith, â€Å"YOU ARE HERE, But Where is That? : Architectural Design Metaphors in the Electronic Library,† in Finding Common Ground: Creating a Library of the Future Without Diminishing the Library of the Past, Proceedings of a conference in Cambridge, MA, March 30-31, 1996 (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998). 44] Designer Karen Fries, quoted in Don Clark, How a Womans Passion and Persistence Made Bob, Wall Street Journal (January 10, 1995): B1. For a serious discussion, see Mark S. Ackerman, Providing Social Interaction i n the Digital Library, Digital Libraries 94 (http://www. cdsl. tamu. edu/DL94/position/ackerman. html). Norman, The Psychology of Everyday Things, 197-198. Edward Tufte, Envisioning Information (Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 1990), 53. 48] Edward Tufte, Visual Design of the User Interface (Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation, 1989). RLIN Forum at ALA Midwinter 1995, RLIN Focus (April 1995): 1. 19 John Naisbitt, Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives (New York: Warner Books, 1982), 53. Jennifer Mendelsohn, Human Help at OPAC Terminals is User Friendly: A Preliminary Study, RQ 34 (Winter 1994): 173-90. Cecilia D. Stafford and William M. Serban,